Index

A note on the digital index

A link in an index entry is displayed as the section title in which that entry appears. Because some sections have multiple index markers, it is not unusual for an entry to have several links to the same section. Clicking on any link will take you directly to the place in the text in which the marker appears.

Symbols

18 * D) + (40 * W, Calculating Inductance
1:1 transformers, Isolation Transformer (see isolation transformers)

A

absolute encoding, Rotary DIP

AC adapters, How to Use it, AC-DC power supply, What It Does, How to Use it

AC inrush, AC Inrush

AC motors, AC motor–Internal Breakage, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, How to Use It, What Can Go Wrong

design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, What Can Go Wrong
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use It
values for, Values

AC-AC transformers, AC-AC transformer–Incorrect AC Frequency, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Core Shapes, Values, How to Use it, Reversal of Input and Output

design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Reversal of Input and Output
schematic symbol for, What It Does
types of, Core Shapes
use of, How to Use it
values for, Values

AC-DC power supplies, AC-DC power supply–Peak Inrush, What It Does, Variants, How to Use it, High Voltage Shock

function of, What It Does
potential problems, High Voltage Shock
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it

accumulators, battery

active mode, Terminology

actuators, Terminology

adjustable inductors, Variable Inductors

adjustable output converters, Formats

adjustable voltage regulators, Adjustable Regulators

Ah/AH/A/H, Capacity (see amp-hours)

air cores, Nonmagnetic Cores

alkaline cells, Disposable Batteries, Voltage

alternate pushbuttons, Latching

alternating current (AC), What It Does, What It Does, What It Does, Three-Phase Induction Motor, What It Does

amp-hour capacity, Capacity, Capacity

amp-hours (Ah), Capacity

amplifiers, Amplifiers

amplitude-modulated, Nonmagnetic Cores

analog servo motors, Variants

annulus, Gearhead Motor

anodes, How It Works, What It Does

anti-backlash gears, How It Works

apparent power, Values

arcing, Arcing, Arcing, Snubber

armatures, How It Works

audio tone control, Audio Tone Control

audio transformers, Audio Transformer

audio-taper potentiometers, Linear and Log Taper, The Wrong Taper

automotive fuses, Automotive Fuses

automotive relays, Automotive Relays

autotransformers, Autotransformer

auxilliary winding, Single-Phase Induction Motor

avalanche breakdown, Overload

axial leads, Format

axial loading, Values

axial resistors, Variants

B

back EMF, Snubber, Protection Diodes, Rectification, Back-EMF Suppression

backlash, Backlash, Variants

bandpass filters, How to Use it

basic switches, Snap-Action

batteries, battery–High Current Flow Between Parallel Batteries, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Variants, Variants, Disposable Batteries, Rechargeable Batteries, Amperage, Capacity, Voltage, How to Use it, Short Circuits: Overheating and Fire, Capacitor as a Battery Substitute, What Can Go Wrong

capacitors as, Capacitor as a Battery Substitute
capacity, Capacity
DC-AC inverters and, What Can Go Wrong
design of, How It Works
disposable, Variants, Disposable Batteries
fuel cells, Variants
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Short Circuits: Overheating and Fire
rechargeable, Variants, Rechargeable Batteries
schematic symbols for, What It Does
use of, How to Use it
values for, Amperage
voltage, Voltage

battery acid, Rechargeable Batteries

battery chargers, Variants

bearings, Bearings

failure of, Bearings

beta value (β), Current Gain

biased relays, Polarity

biased semiconductors, How It Works

bifilar motors, Bifilar

bipolar electrolytic capacitors, Principal Types

bipolar junction transistor (BJT), bipolar transistor (see bipolar transistors)

bipolar motors, Permanent Magnet Stepper Motors

bipolar stepper motors, Bipolar Stepper Motors

bipolar transistors, bipolar transistor–Excessive Leakage, What It Does, How It Works, How It Works, Variants, How to Use it, Wrong Connections on a Bipolar Transistor

design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Wrong Connections on a Bipolar Transistor
schematic symbols for, How It Works
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it

BLDC motors, Brushless DC Motor (see brushless DC motors)

blown fuses, What It Does, Repeated Failure

body terminals, The Substrate Connection

boost-type converters, Boost Converter, How to Use it

boots, Toggle

break-before-make switches, On-Off Behavior, Conventional

breakdown state, JFET Behavior

breakdown voltage, How It Works

breakers, What Can Go Wrong

breaking capacity, Values

bridge rectifiers, Bridge Rectifier

brushes, How It Works, Brushes and Commutator, Wound-Rotor AC Induction Motor

brushless DC motors, Brushless DC Motor

buck converters, Buck Converter

buck-boost converters, Flyback Converter with Inductor (see flyback converters)

bulk metal foil, Materials

bushings, Terminology

button capacitors, Format (see disk capacitors)

button cells, What It Does

bypass capacitors, Bypass Capacitor, How to Use it

bypass switches, How It Works

C

c-clamps, Vibration

C-rate, Capacity

capacitance, Dielectric Constant, Values

capacitive reactance, Alternating Current and Capacitive Reactance

capacitor arrays, Format

capacitor clamps, Vibration

capacitor networks, Format

capacitors, Variants, capacitor–Misleading Nomenclature, capacitor, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Format, Farads, How to Use it, What Can Go Wrong, Single-Phase Induction Motor

(see also variable capacitors)
as alternative to shorting coils, Single-Phase Induction Motor
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, What Can Go Wrong
schematic symbols, What It Does
types of, Format
use of, How to Use it
values for, Farads

capacity, Capacity–Voltage

caps, capacitor (see capacitors)

carbon-composite resistors, Materials

carbon-film potentiometers, Wear and Tear

carbon-film resistors, Materials

carriers, Gearhead Motor

cartridge fuses, Small Cartridge Fuses

cathode-ray tubes, How to Use it

cathodes, How It Works, What It Does

cells, battery, How It Works

ceramic capacitors, Principal Types

charging, Diminished Performance Caused by Improper Recharging, Reverse Charging

incorrect voltage and, Diminished Performance Caused by Improper Recharging
reverse charging, Reverse Charging

chatter, Chatter

chokes, inductor

chopper drives, Voltage Control

circuit breakers, Incorrect Polarity, What It Does

circuits, Resistor Array

RC circuits, Resistor Array

clamp diodes, Voltage Clamping

closed-loop systems, Reluctance Stepper Motors, Sensing and Feedback

CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor), What It Does

code samples, Safari® Books Online

digital access to, Safari® Books Online

coded rotary switches, Rotary DIP

cogging, Rotor Design

coils, How It Works, DC Through a Coil, What It Does, How It Works

cold cranking rating, Values

collectors, How It Works, Connections

common contacts, Terminology

common-bus configurations, Resistor Array

common-collector amplifiers, Amplifiers

common-emitter amplifier, Amplifiers

commutators, How It Works, Variants, Wound-Rotor AC Induction Motor

complement-coded rotary switches, Rotary DIP

complementary metal oxide semiconductor, What It Does (see CMOS)

components, Inclusions and Exclusions

definition of, Inclusions and Exclusions

condensers, capacitor (see capacitors)

contact bounce, Contact Bounce

contacts, Contact Contamination, Vulnerable Contacts, Contact Overload, Contact Burnout, How It Works, Environmental Hazards

burnout of, Contact Burnout
contamination of, Contact Contamination, Environmental Hazards
overloading of, Contact Overload
relays and, How It Works
vulnerability of, Vulnerable Contacts

continuous inductors, Magnetic Core

contractors, Contactor

control shaft encoders, rotational encoder

conventional current, Electrode Terminology, How It Works

inductors and, How It Works

converters, What It Does (see DC-DC converters)

cores, What It Does, Core Choices, The Core, Core Shapes

coupling capacitors, Coupling Capacitor

covered power supplies, Formats

crossover networks, How to Use it

crystal diodes, diode (see diodes)

crystal sets, Nonmagnetic Cores

cup (potentiometer), Ganged Potentiometer

current, What It Does, Inadequate Current, Values

inadequate, Inadequate Current
stall current, Values

current amplifiers, How It Works, What It Does

current gain (hFE), Current Gain

current ratings, Values, Values, Values, Values, Values, Values

DC motors, Values
fuses, Values
pushbuttons, Values
relays, Values
rotary switches, Values
rotational encoders, Values

cutoff mode, Terminology

cylindrical capacitors, Format

D

damping, Resonance

Darlington chips, Darlington Pairs

Darlington pair chips, Wrong Connections on a Darlington Pair Chip

Darlington pairs, How It Works, Protection Diodes, What It Does, Darlington Pairs

DC current, DC Through a Coil, Accidental DC Input

AC-AC tranformers and, Accidental DC Input
inductors and, DC Through a Coil

DC motors, DC motor–Audible Noise, What It Does, How It Works, Coil Configurations, Values, How to Use it, Brushes and Commutator

current rating, Values
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Brushes and Commutator
types of, Coil Configurations
use of, How to Use it

DC-AC inverters, DC-AC inverter–What Can Go Wrong, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, How to Use it, What Can Go Wrong

design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, What Can Go Wrong
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it
values for, Values

DC-DC converters, DC-DC converter–Inaccurate Voltage Output with Low Load, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, How to Use it, Electrical Noise in Output

design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Electrical Noise in Output
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it
values for, Values

DCR (DC resistance), Datasheet Terminology

debounce, Contact Bounce

decks, How It Works

decoupling capacitors, Bypass Capacitor

deep cycle batteries, Rechargeable Batteries

degauss, How to Use it

delay fuses, Small Cartridge Fuses

delta configuration, Coil Configurations

demagnetization, Rotor Demagnetization

of rotors, Rotor Demagnetization

demagnetizing objects, How to Use it

depletion device, JFETs

depletion layer, JFETs

depletion region, How It Works

detent torque, Excessive Torque

detents, What It Does

dielectric absorption, Dielectric Memory

dielectric constant, Dielectric Constant

dielectric memory, Dielectric Memory

dielectrics, How It Works, Dielectrics, How It Works, MOSFETs

digital access, Safari® Books Online

code samples, Safari® Books Online

digital servo motors, Variants

diode arrays, Diode Array

diodes, Arcing, diode–Wrong Type of Diode, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Packaging, Values, Rectification, Overload

DC circuits and, Arcing
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Overload
schematic symbol for, What It Does
types of, Packaging
use of, Rectification
values for, Values

DIP, Resistor Array (see dual-inline package)

DIP switches, What It Does, DIP, Rotary DIP

(see also rotary DIP switches)
vs. jumpers, What It Does

direct current (DC), What It Does, What It Does

direct current-excited motors, Synchronous Motor

discrete semiconductors, What It Does

disk capacitors, Format

disposable batteries, Variants, Disposable Batteries–Disposable Batteries

doping, JFETs

double-pole pushbuttons, What It Does

double-pole switches, How It Works

double-throw (DT) switches, How It Works

drain-source breakdown, JFET Behavior

dropout voltage, How It Works

dry cells, How It Works

dry joints, Dry Joints

dual-coil latching relays, Latching

dual-ganged potentiometers, Ganged Potentiometer

dual-inline package (DIP), Resistor Array

dynamic resistance, How It Works, Zener Diode

dyne-meters, Values

E

effective series resistance (ESR), How It Works, How to Use it

efficiency, Efficiency

converters and, Efficiency

8-wire motors, Bifilar

electrical capacity, Capacity (see capacity)

electrical noise, Noise, What It Does, Real-World Defects, Electrical Noise, Electrical Noise in Output, Electrical Noise, DC Voltage Regulation and Noise Suppression

electrical polarity, Electrical and Magnetic Polarity

electrochemical cells, What It Does

electrochemical power sources, battery

electrodes, How It Works, Electrode Terminology

electrolysis, What It Does

electrolytes, How It Works

electrolytic capacitors, Principal Types, Specific Electrolytic Issues, Capacitor Failure

electrolytic cells, What It Does

electrolytic layer dielectrics, Dielectrics

electromagnetic armature relays, relay

electromagnetic interference (EMI), How to Use it, How to Use it, Electrical Noise

electromagnets, electromagnet–What Can Go Wrong, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, How to Use it, What Can Go Wrong

function of, What It Does, How It Works
potential problems, What Can Go Wrong
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it
values for, Values

electromechanical linear actuators, Linear Actuator

electromechanical relays, relay

electromotive force (EMF), AC Inrush, Protection Diodes, Rectification, Back-EMF Suppression

electron holes, How It Works, How It Works

electronic commutation, Brushless DC Motor

electrostatic discharge (ESD), Transient Voltage Suppressor (TVS), Static Electricity

element, How It Works

emergency switches, Emergency Switch

EMI, Electrical Noise (see electromagnetic interference)

emitters, How It Works, Connections

enable pins, Additional Pin Functions

encoded output rotary switches, Rotary DIP

enhancement devices, JFETs, MOSFETs

epicyclic gears, Gearhead Motor

equivalent series resistance (ESR), Heat

errata, web address for, How to Contact Us

ESD, Transient Voltage Suppressor (TVS) (see electrostatic discharge)

F

farads (F), Farads

ferrite beads, Ferrite Beads

ferromagnetic cores, The Core

field effect transistor (FET), What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, How to Use it, Static Electricity

design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Static Electricity
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it
values for, Values

field windings, Stator Design

field-effect transistor (FET), field effect transistor–Wrong Bias

555 timer, Speed Control, How It Works, Unipolar Motors, Protection Diodes, What It Does

flat-ganged potentiometers, Ganged Potentiometer

flip-flop behavior, Latching

flooded design, Rechargeable Batteries

flux density, How It Works

flyback converters, Flyback Converter with Inductor

flyback diodes, Arcing

flyback-type converters, Switching Power Supply

foot pedal pushbuttons, Foot Pedal

FORM A/B switches, On-Off Behavior

Form A/B/C pushbuttons, On-Off Behavior

formulae, Typographical Conventions

presentation of, Typographical Conventions

forward bias, How It Works

forward direction (diodes), What It Does

forward EMF, AC Inrush

frames, What It Does

freewheeling diodes, Arcing

front panel mount switches, Mounting Options

fuel cells, Variants

fuseholders, How to Use it

fuses, Incorrect Polarity, What It Does–Placement, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Values, Values, Variants, How to Use it, Repeated Failure, Placement

(see also circuit breakers)
current rating, Values
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Repeated Failure
schematic symbols for, What It Does
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it, Placement
voltage rating, Values

fusible links, Strip Fuses

fusible resistors, Value Coding

G

ganged potentiometers, Ganged Potentiometer

gear motors, Gearhead Motor (see gearhead motors)

gearhead motors, Gearhead Motor, Backlash

gears, Variants

nylon vs. metal, Variants

general-purpose resistors, Variants

generators, How It Works

gigaohms, Values

Gray-coded outputs, Gray Code

grounding, Failure to Ground Trimmer Capacitor While Adjusting it, Shock Hazard from Common Ground

common ground, Shock Hazard from Common Ground
variable capacitors and, Failure to Ground Trimmer Capacitor While Adjusting it

Gunn diodes, What It Does, Tunnel Diode, Gunn Diode, PIN Diode

gyrators, Gyrator, Miniaturization

H

H bridge system, Direction Control

half-cells, How It Works

half-stepping mode, Microstepping

Hall effect sensors, Brushless DC Motor

harmonics, How It Works

header sockets, Variants

headers, How It Works, Keypad

heat, Materials, Heat, Heat, Excess Heat with No Load, Inadequate Heat Management, Heat, Heat effects, Stalled Motor, Overload

AC motors and, Stalled Motor
capacitors and, Heat
converters and, Excess Heat with No Load
diodes and, Overload
effect on motors, Heat effects
power resistors and, Materials
resistors and, Heat
solenoids and, Heat
voltage regulators and, Inadequate Heat Management

heat sinks, Variants, Packaging

Henry units, Calculating Inductance

high phase count motors, High Phase Count

high side, Power Switches

high-frequency transistors, Variants

high-pass filters, High-Pass Filter, How to Use it

high-speed diodes, Signal Diodes

hold current, Resettable Fuses

holding torque, Excessive Torque

horse-shoe magnet design, Variants

hot switching, What It Does

hunting, Hunting

hybrid motors, Hybrid

hysteresis, Magnetic Core, Magnetic Cores, Variants, Hysteresis

hysteresis motors, Synchronous Motor

I

IGBT, Speed Control (see insulated-gate bipolar transistor)

illuminated pushbuttons, Styles

impedance, Audio Transformer

in-line fuse holders, Automotive Fuses

inaccuracy, Inaccuracy

resistors and, Inaccuracy

incandescent bulbs, Styles

incremental devices, What It Does

rotational encoders, What It Does

indicators, In Series with LED

inductance, Inductance, Calculating Inductance

inductance index, Datasheet Terminology

inductance-capacitance circuits, How to Use it (see LC circuits)

induction motors, Reluctance Stepper Motors

induction rotors, Rotor Design

inductive loads, Arcing, How to Use it

switch choices for, Arcing
voltage spikes and, How to Use it

inductive reactance, How It Works, Alternating Current and Capacitive Reactance

inductors, inductor–RF Problems, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Calculating Inductance, How to Use it, Real-World Defects

design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Real-World Defects
schematic symbol for, What It Does
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it
values for, Calculating Inductance

inrunner configuration, Brushless DC Motor

insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), Speed Control

insulated-gate field-effect transistor (IGFET), field effect transistor

integrated circuits, What It Does

internal resistance, Amperage

inverted AC motors, Inverted AC Motors

ions, How It Works

ISAT (saturation current, Datasheet Terminology

isolated vs. non-isolated, Isolated or Non-Isolated

isolation transformers, Isolation Transformer

J

jumper assemblies, Variants
jumper sockets, jumper (see jumpers)
jumper wires, jumper
jumpers, jumper–What Can Go Wrong
junction field-effect transistor (JFET), field effect transistor, JFETs–JFET Behavior
junction threshold voltage, How It Works, How It Works

K

Karbonite gears, Variants
keylock switches, Keylock
keypad pushbuttons, Keypad
kilohms, Values
knife switches, What It Does

L

latching pushbuttons, Latching

latching relays, Limit Switches, Latching

LC (inductance-capacitance) circuits, How to Use it

lead-acid batteries, What It Does, Rechargeable Batteries, Complete Discharge of Lead-Acid Battery

leakage, How It Works, How It Works, What It Does, Excessive Leakage

LED (light-emitting diode), Styles, LED Issues, In Series with LED, What It Does

pushbuttons and, Styles
resistors and, In Series with LED

limit switches, Snap-Action, Linear Actuator, Limit Switches

linear actuators, Linear Actuator, How to Use it, How to Use it

linear mode, Terminology

linear motors, Variants

linear regulated power supplies, Variants

linear taper potentiometers, Linear and Log Taper

linear voltage regulators, voltage regulator (see voltage regulators)

lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion), Rechargeable Batteries, Short Circuits: Overheating and Fire

lithium-ion polymer batteries, Rechargeable Batteries

load regulation, Load Regulation

loads, What It Does

lock paint, Application of Overcoat Material or "Lock Paint"

locked-rotor torque, Rotor Design

locking pushbuttons, Latching

locking toggle switches, Toggle

log-taper potentiometers, Linear and Log Taper, The Wrong Taper

logarithmic volume control, How to Use it

logic chips, Contact Bounce, How to Use it

logic circuits, Logic Circuits, DC-AC inverter

logic gates, Logic Gate

logic inverters, DC-AC inverter

low-dropout voltage regulators, How It Works, Low-Dropout Linear Regulators

low-pass filters, Low-Pass Filter, How to Use it

low-signal relays, Small Signal Relay

lubricants, Ambient Conditions

environmental effects on, Ambient Conditions

M

magnetic circuits, DC Through a Coil

magnetic cores, Magnetic Core, Magnetic Cores

magnetic domains, Magnetic Core, Saturation, Variants

magnetic fields, Magnetic Fields

magnetic polarity, Electrical and Magnetic Polarity

magnetic resistance, How It Works (see reluctance)

magnetic saturation, Magnetic Core

mAh, Capacity (see milliamp-hours)

MAKE magazine, How to Contact Us

contact information, How to Contact Us

make-before-break switches, On-Off Behavior, Conventional

make-to-break connections, On-Off Behavior, On-Off Behavior

make-to-make connections, On-Off Behavior

matrix encoded pushbuttons, Keypad

mechanical encoders, Mechanical Encoder

mechanical rotary encoders, rotational encoder

mechanical wear, Mechanical Wear, Wear and Tear

of switches, Mechanical Wear
potentiometers, Wear and Tear

megohms, Values

membrane pad pushbuttons, Membrane Pad

membrane separators, How It Works

memory effect, Rechargeable Batteries

MESFET (MEtal-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor), MESFET

metal-film resistors, Materials

metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor, field effect transistor (see MOSFET)

meter loading, Inaccuracy

microcontrollers, Latching, Keypad, Alternatives, How to Use it, How It Works, How to Use it, Speed Control, How It Works, Darlington Pairs

as alternative to switches, Alternatives
as pulse sources, Speed Control
increasing output of, Darlington Pairs
keypads and, Keypad
pushbuttons and, Latching
rotary switches and, How to Use it
rotational encoders and, How It Works, How to Use it
servo motors and, How It Works

microfarads (μF), Farads, Misleading Nomenclature

microhenrys (μH), Calculating Inductance

microstepping mode, Microstepping

microswitches, Snap-Action

milliamp-hours (mAh), Capacity

millihenrys (mH), Calculating Inductance

milliohms, Values

miniaturized potentiometers, Classic-style Potentiometer

modified sine waves, Variants

monetary switches, pushbutton, Latching

MOSFET (metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor), What It Does, Speed Control, field effect transistor, MOSFETs–The Substrate Connection, Heat

movable contacts, Terminology

multiphase motors, Multiphase

multiple-turn potentiometers, Multiple-Turn Potentiometer

Must Operate By voltage, Values

Must Release By voltage, Values

mutual induction, How It Works

N

N layer, How It Works

N-channel, JFETs

N-type semiconductors, How It Works

nanofarads (nF), Farads

nanohenrys (nH), Calculating Inductance

negative resistance region, How It Works

negative voltage regulators, Negative and Positive Regulators

neon bulbs, Styles

neutral relays, Polarity

Newton-meters, Values

nichrome (Ni-chrome) elements, Variants

nickel-cadmium batteries (nicad/NiCd), Rechargeable Batteries, Rechargeable Batteries

nickel-metal hydride batteries (NiMH), Rechargeable Batteries, Rechargeable Batteries

noise, Noise, What It Does, Real-World Defects, Electrical Noise, Electrical Noise in Output, Audible Noise, Electrical Noise, DC Voltage Regulation and Noise Suppression

electrical, Noise, What It Does, Real-World Defects, Electrical Noise, Electrical Noise in Output, Electrical Noise
reduction of, Audible Noise, DC Voltage Regulation and Noise Suppression

non-excited synchronous motors, Synchronous Motor

non-flammable resistors, Value Coding

nonlatching relays, Latching

nonmagnetic cores, Nonmagnetic Cores

nonshorting switches, Conventional, Misidentified Shorting Switch

normally closed (NC), On-Off Behavior, On-Off Behavior

normally open (NO), On-Off Behavior, On-Off Behavior

notch filters, How to Use it

nuisance opening, Repeated Failure

nylon vs. metal gears, Variants

O

octal base, General Purpose/Industrial

OCV, Voltage (see open circuit voltage)

ohmic region, JFET Behavior

on-off switches, How It Works

open circuit voltage (OCV/Voc), Voltage

open-frame power supplies, Formats

open-frame switches, What It Does

open-loop systems, Reluctance Stepper Motors, Sensing and Feedback

operating point, Amplifiers

optical mouse, rotational encoder

oscillating, Hunting

ounce-inches, Values

output, Misidentified Parts

voltage regulators and, Misidentified Parts

outrunner configuration, Brushless DC Motor

overcoat material, Application of Overcoat Material or "Lock Paint"

overheating, Overheating, Overload, What Can Go Wrong, Heat

DC-AC inverters and, What Can Go Wrong
MOSFETs, Heat
potentiometers, Overheating
transformers and, Overload

overshoot, Step Loss

P

P layer, How It Works

P-channel, JFETs

P-type semiconductors, How It Works

paddle switches, Paddle

panel-mount switches, Mounting Options, Mounting Problems

panel-mounted pushbuttons, Mounting Style

parallel batteries, High Current Flow Between Parallel Batteries

high current flow, High Current Flow Between Parallel Batteries

parasitic capacitance, Real-World Defects

parasitic inductance, Inductance, Dielectrics

pass transistors, How It Works

PC board rotary switches, PC Board Rotary Switch

PC mount switches, Mounting Options

PC pushbuttons, Mounting Style

PC terminals, Termination

peak inrush, Peak Inrush, AC Inrush

peak inrush current, Repeated Failure

permanent magnet stepper motors, Permanent Magnet Stepper Motors

permeability, Magnetic Core

Peukert number, Capacity

phase count, What It Does

phases (steps), What It Does

pick-offs, How It Works

picofarads (pF), Farads

piles, battery

pin configurations, Pinout Variations, Wrong Pinouts, Misidentified Pins

correct identification of, Misidentified Pins
relays, Pinout Variations, Wrong Pinouts

PIN diodes, What It Does, Tunnel Diode, Gunn Diode, PIN Diode

pitch, Values

planetary gears, Gearhead Motor

plastic-film dielectrics, Dielectrics

plug fuses, Variants

plug-in transformers, Plug-in Transformer

plungers, What It Does

PN junction diodes, diode (see diodes)

polarity, Incorrect Polarity, Polarity, Wrong Polarity, Electrical and Magnetic Polarity, Shock Hazard from Common Ground, Reversed Polarity

danger of incorrect, Incorrect Polarity, Wrong Polarity
danger of reversed, Reversed Polarity
DC relays and, Polarity
mnemonics for, Electrical and Magnetic Polarity
preventing reversed, Shock Hazard from Common Ground

polarized relays, Polarity

pole faces, What It Does

poles, What It Does, Poles and Throws, How It Works, Terminology, Poles and Throws

polymeric positive temperature coefficient fuse, Resettable Fuses

polyphase AC, Three-Phase Induction Motor

positive charges, How It Works

positive voltage regulators, Negative and Positive Regulators

potentiometers, What It Does, potentiometer–The Wrong Taper, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Linear and Log Taper, How to Use it, Wear and Tear, Speed Control

design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Wear and Tear
schematic symbols for, What It Does
types of, Linear and Log Taper
use of, How to Use it

pound-feet, Values

power cells, battery

power cords, Shock Hazard from Common Ground

correct choice of, Shock Hazard from Common Ground

power MOSFETs, V-Channel MOSFET

power resistors, Variants

power transformers, Power Transformer

power transistors, Variants

power wire-wound resistors, Materials

PPR, Pulses and Detents (see pulses per rotation)

precision resistors, Variants

precision wire-wound resistors, Materials

press-twice pushbuttons, Latching

primary cells, Variants

primary coils, What It Does

programmable unijunction transistor (PUT), unijunction transistor, Name Confusion

protection diodes, Protection Diodes, Back-EMF Suppression

proximity effect, RF Problems

PTC/PPTC, Resettable Fuses (see polymeric positive temperature coefficient fuse)

pull-in torque, Excessive Torque

pull-out torque, Excessive Torque

pulldown resistors, Pullup and Pulldown Resistors

pullup resistors, How to Use it, Pullup and Pulldown Resistors

pulse-width modulation (PWM), Switching Power Supply, How It Works, Variants, Speed Control, How to Use It, How It Works, Voltage Control

pulses per rotation (PPR), Pulses and Detents

push-lock push-release pushbuttons, Latching

push-on push-off pushbuttons, Latching

push-push pushbuttons, Latching

pushbutton switches, pushbutton

pushbuttons, pushbutton–Other Problems, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Poles and Throws, Values, How to Use it, No Button

current ratings, Values
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, No Button
schematic symbol for, What It Does
types of, Poles and Throws
use of, How to Use it

pushwheel switches, Pushwheel and Thumbwheel

PUT (programmable unijunction transistor), unijunction transistor, Name Confusion

PWM, Speed Control (see pulse-width modulation)

Q

quadrature output, Output
quality factor, Equivalent Series Resistance
quasi-low-dropout voltage regulators, Quasi-Low-Dropout Linear Regulators
quick connect terminals, Termination
quiescent current, How to Use it
quiescent point, Amplifiers

R

radial leads, Format

radial loading, Values

radial resistors, Variants

radio buttons, Radio Buttons

radio crystal set, Nonmagnetic Cores

radio frequencies (RF), RF Problems

ramping, Step Loss

rated current, Values

fuses, Values

rated voltage, Values

RC (resistor-capacitor) network, RC Network, How It Works

RC circuits, Resistor Array

RC servo motors, servo motor

reactance, How to Use it, EMF and Back-EMF, Calculating Reactance

real-coded rotary switches, Rotary DIP

rechargeable batteries, Variants, Rechargeable Batteries–Rechargeable Batteries

rectified current, Inverted AC Motors

rectifier diodes, Rectifier Diodes, Rectification, Wrong Type of Diode

rectifiers, How to Use it, Linear Regulated Power Supply, Switching Power Supply, Variants, What It Does

reed relays, Reed Relay, Arcing

reed switches, Reed Relay, How to Use it

relative devices, What It Does

rotational encoders, What It Does

relative encoding, Rotary DIP

relays, relay–Environmental Hazards, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Latching, Latching, Values, How to Use it, Wrong Pinouts

current rating, Values
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
possible problems, Wrong Pinouts
schematic symbols for, What It Does, Latching
types of, Latching
use of, How to Use it

reluctance, DC Through a Coil, Calculating Reluctance, How It Works, How It Works

reluctance motors, Brushless DC Motor, Reluctance Motor, How to Use It

reluctance stepper motors, Reluctance Stepper Motors

remanent magnetism, Magnetic Core

reserve batteries, Disposable Batteries

resettable fuses, What It Does, Resettable Fuses

resistance, Rotational Resistance, Reluctance Stepper Motors

rotational encoders, Rotational Resistance

resistor arrays, Resistor Array

resistor ladders, How to Use it

resistor networks/ladders, Resistor Array (see resistor arrays)

resistor-capacitor (RC) network, RC Network, How It Works

resistors, What It Does–Wrong Values, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, Materials, How to Use it, Heat

design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
materials, Materials
possible problems, Heat
schematic symbols for, What It Does
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it
values for, Values

resistors in parallel, Resistors in Parallel

resistors in series, Resistors in Series

resonant frequency, Alternating Current and Capacitive Reactance, Resonance

response curves, How It Works

retentivity, Magnetic Cores

reverse charging, Reverse Charging

rheostats, What It Does, Speed Control

right-angle PC rotary switch, Rotary DIP

right-angle PC terminals, Termination

right-hand rule, Electrical and Magnetic Polarity

ripple-and-noise values, Ripple and Noise

RMS, How It Works (see root mean square)

rocker switches, Rocker

root mean square (RMS), How It Works

rotary DIP switches, Rotary DIP

rotary switches, rotary switch–Wrong Shaft, Wrong Knobs, Nuts That Get Lost, Too Big to Fit, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Conventional, Values, How to Use it, Vulnerable Contacts

current rating, Values
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Vulnerable Contacts
schematic symbol for, What It Does
types of, Conventional
use of, How to Use it

rotational encoders, Alternatives, rotational encoder–Contact Burnout, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, How to Use it, Switch Bounce

current rating, Values
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Switch Bounce
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it

rotors, What It Does, How It Works, How It Works, How It Works, Rotor Design, What It Does, Rotor Demagnetization

demagnetization of, Rotor Demagnetization

S

Safari Books Online, Safari® Books Online

safe operating area (SOA), How to Use it

saturated mode, Terminology

saturation, Saturation, Saturation, Current Gain

saturation current, Datasheet Terminology

saturation region (Idss), JFET Behavior

saturation, magnetic, How It Works

schematic symbols, What It Does, What It Does, What It Does, Slider, Cryptic Schematics, What It Does, What It Does, Latching, What It Does, Value Coding, What It Does, What It Does, What It Does, What It Does, Taps, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, MOSFETs, Schematic Symbols

AC-AC transformers, What It Does, Taps
batteries, What It Does
bipolar transistors, How It Works
capacitors, What It Does
diodes, What It Does
fuses, What It Does
inductors, What It Does
MOFSET, MOSFETs
potentiometers, What It Does
pushbuttons, What It Does
relays, What It Does, Latching
resistors, What It Does, Value Coding
rotary switches, What It Does
slide switches, Slider
switches, Cryptic Schematics
unijunction transistors, What It Does

Schottky diodes, Schottky Diode

SCR, Speed Control (see silicon-controlled rectifier)

screw terminals, Termination

secondary cells, Variants

secondary coils, What It Does

self-discharge rate, Disposable Batteries

self-inductance, inductor, Voltage Control

self-resonance, Real-World Defects

self-resonant frequency, Alternating Current and Capacitive Reactance, Datasheet Terminology

semiconductors, How It Works

series resistors, In Series with LED

servo motors, servo motor–Electrical Noise, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, How to Use it, Incorrect Wiring, Positional Control

design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Incorrect Wiring
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it
values for, Values
vs. stepper motors, Positional Control

settling time, Contact Bounce

shaded pole motors, Single-Phase Induction Motor

shell cores, Core Shapes

shielding, Lack of Shielding

variable capacitors and, Lack of Shielding

shock hazards, Shock Hazard from Common Ground, High Voltage Shock

AC-AC transformers and, Shock Hazard from Common Ground
AC-DC power supplies, High Voltage Shock

short-circuited batteries, Short Circuits: Overheating and Fire, How to Use it

short-circuited switches, Short Circuits

shorting coils, Single-Phase Induction Motor

shorting switches, On-Off Behavior, Conventional, Misidentified Shorting Switch

shunts, jumper (see jumpers)

signal clipping, AC Voltage Control and Signal Clipping

signal diodes, Signal Diodes, Wrong Type of Diode

silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR), Speed Control

single side stable relays, Latching

single-coil latching relays, Latching

single-inline package (SIP), Resistor Array

single-layer ceramic capicitors, Dielectric Memory

single-phase induction motors, Single-Phase Induction Motor

single-pole switches, How It Works

single-throw (ST) switches, How It Works

SIP, Resistor Array (see single-inline package)

SIP switches, SIP

skin effect, RF Problems

slide pushbuttons, Slider

slider potentiometers, Slider Potentiometer

slider pushbuttons, Slider

slider switches, Slider, Contact Contamination

sliding noise, Sliding Noise

slip, Rotor Design

Slo-Blo fuses, Small Cartridge Fuses

slow-blowing fuses, How to Use it

small cartridge fuses, Small Cartridge Fuses

small-signal relays, Small Signal Relay

small-signal transistors, Variants

small-switching transistors, Variants

SMPS, Switching Power Supply (see switching power supply)

SMT, Surface Mount Fuses (see surface-mount fuses)

snap-action switches, Snap-Action Switches, Snap-Action

snap-in mount switches, Mounting Options

snubbers, How to Use it, Arcing, Resistor Array, Snubber

SOA, How to Use it (see safe operating area)

solder lug terminals, Termination

soldering damage, Soldering Damage, Soldering Damage

solenoids, solenoid–Loose Plunger, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, How to Use it, Heat

design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Heat
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it
values for, Values

solid-state relays, relay

splines, Variants

split-bobbin transformers, Split-Bobbin Transformer

split-phase induction motors, Single-Phase Induction Motor

sponge (lead), Rechargeable Batteries

spur gears, Gearhead Motor

squirre-cage motors, Rotor Design

squirrel-cage motors, How It Works

SRF (self-resonant frequency, Datasheet Terminology

stability, Stability

resistors and, Stability

stall current, Values

stall torque, Values

standard type regulators, How It Works

star configuration, Coil Configurations

stationary contacts, Terminology

stators, How It Works, How It Works, How It Works, What It Does

status pins, Additional Pin Functions

step angle, Reluctance Stepper Motors

step loss, Step Loss

step motors, stepper motor (see stepper motors)

step-down transformers, How It Works

step-up transformers, How It Works

stepper motors, stepper motor–Rotor Demagnetization, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, How to Use it, What Can Go Wrong

design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, What Can Go Wrong
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it
values for, Values

stepping motors, stepper motor (see stepper motors)

stops, How It Works

strip fuses, Strip Fuses

subject-oriented organization, Subject Paths

subminiature fuses, Through-Hole Fuses

subminiature paddle switches, Paddle

subminiature slide switches, Slider

subminiature switches, Snap-Action

subpanel mount switches, Mounting Options

substrate connections, The Substrate Connection

sulfurization, Sulfurization

sun gear, Gearhead Motor

supercapacitors, Variants, Capacitor as a Battery Substitute

surface mount switches, Mounting Options

surface-mount (SMT) fuses, Surface Mount Fuses

surface-mount capacitors, Format

surface-mount resistors, Variants

surface-mount transformers, Surface-Mount Transformer

surface-mounted pushbuttons, Mounting Style

surge sensitivity, How It Works

switch bounce, Contact Bounce, Switch Bounce

switched potentiometers, Switched Potentiometer

switched-mode power supply, Switching Power Supply (see switching power supply)

switchers, Switching Power Supply, DC-DC converter (see DC-DC converters) (see switching power supply)

switches, What It Does, switch–Cryptic Schematics, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Terminology, Values, Power Switches, Arcing, rotary switch

(see also rotary switches)
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Arcing
terminology, Terminology
types of, Variants
use of, Power Switches
values for, Values

switching diodes, Signal Diodes

switching power supplies, Variants, Switching Power Supply, How to Use it

switching regulators, DC-DC converter (see DC-DC converters)

synchronous motors, Brushless DC Motor, Synchronous Motor

T

tactile swithes, Tactile Switch

tank circuits, How to Use it (see LC circuits)

tantalum capacitors, Principal Types, Voltage Overload

taps, Taps

Tcr/Tc, Stability (see temperature coefficient)

teeth (rotor), Reluctance Stepper Motors

temperature coefficient (Tcr/Tc), Stability

terminals, choosing correct, Wrong Terminal Type

terminals, for switches, Termination

THD, Variants (see total harmonic distortion)

thick-film resistors, Variants, Materials

thin-film resistors, Materials

three-phase induction motors, Three-Phase Induction Motor

through-hole chips (capacitors), Format

through-hole fuses, Through-Hole Fuses, Resettable Fuses

through-hole terminals, Termination

throws, Poles and Throws, Poles and Throws

thumbwheel switches, Pushwheel and Thumbwheel

time constant, The Time Constant, Time Constant

time-delay relay switches, Time Delay Relay

toggle switches, Toggle

tolerance, Tolerance

resistors, Tolerance

toroidal core inductors, Toroidal Cores

torque, Values, Rotor Design, Excess Torque, Excessive Torque

expression of, Values
fluctuations in, Rotor Design
motor overloading and, Excess Torque
stepper motors and, Excessive Torque

total harmonic distortion (THD), Variants

tracks, How It Works

transformer-based power supplies, Linear Regulated Power Supply

transient response, Transient Response

transient suppressors, Back-EMF Suppression

transient voltage suppressor (TVS), Transient Voltage Suppressor (TVS)

transients, Linear Regulated Power Supply

transistors, Current Limiting with a Transistor, bipolar transistor

(see also bipolar transistors)
resistors and, Current Limiting with a Transistor

transit time, Values

TrenchMOS, Trench MOS

triggering voltage, How It Works

trimmer capacitors, What It Does, Failure to Ground Trimmer Capacitor While Adjusting it

trimmer potentiometers, What It Does, Trimmer Potentiometer, What It Does

Trimpots, What It Does (see trimmer potentiometers)

trip current, Resettable Fuses

tripped fuses, What It Does

true sinewave inverters, Variants

tuning capacitors, What It Does

tunnel diodes, What It Does, Tunnel Diode, Gunn Diode, PIN Diode

turn rate, Values

TVS, Transient Voltage Suppressor (TVS) (see transient voltage suppressor)

two-contact pushbuttons, What It Does

two-pole switches, How It Works

two-way switches, How It Works

U

UJT, unijunction transistor (see unijunction transistor)

unijunction transistor (UJT), unijunction transistor–Overload, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, How to Use it, Name Confusion, Incorrect Bias

design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Name Confusion
schematic symbol for, What It Does
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it, Incorrect Bias
values for, Values

uninterruptible power supplies, Rechargeable Batteries

unipolar motors, Permanent Magnet Stepper Motors, Unipolar Motors

universal motors, Universal Motor

universal stepper motors, Bifilar (see bifilar motors)

unloaded speed, Values

V

V-channel MOSFET (VMOS FET), V-Channel MOSFET

VA, Values (see volts times amps)

vacuum tubes, diode, What It Does

valley voltage, How It Works

value coding, Value Coding, Wrong Values

resistors, Value Coding

valve-regulated lead-acid batteries (VRLA), Rechargeable Batteries

vandal resistant switches, Vandal Resistant Switch

varactor diodes, What It Does, Varactor Diode

variable capacitors, variable capacitor–Lack of Shielding, variable capacitor, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, How to Use it, Failure to Ground Trimmer Capacitor While Adjusting it

(see also capacitors)
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
possible problems, Failure to Ground Trimmer Capacitor While Adjusting it
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it
values for, Values

variable condensers, variable capacitor (see variable capacitors)

variable frequency power supplies, Variable Frequency Drive

variable inductors, Variable Inductors

variable reluctance, Reluctance Stepper Motors

variable resistors, What It Does

variable transformers, Variable Transformer

variacs, Variable Transformer (see variable transformers)

varicaps, Varactor Diode (see varactor diodes)

Vc, Stability (see voltage coefficient)

Very Low Dropout voltage regulators, Quasi-Low-Dropout Linear Regulators

vibration, Environmental Hazards, Vibration, Resonance

capacitors and, Vibration
damping of, Resonance
relays and, Environmental Hazards

Voc, Voltage (see open circuit voltage)

voltage, Voltage, Taps, Inaccurate Voltage Output with Low Load, Inaccurate Delivered Voltage, Undervoltage or Voltage Imbalance, Voltage Selection, DC Voltage Regulation and Noise Suppression, Voltage Sensing

automatic selection of, Voltage Selection
imbalance in AC motors, Undervoltage or Voltage Imbalance
inaccurate in converters, Inaccurate Voltage Output with Low Load
inaccurate in voltage regulators, Inaccurate Delivered Voltage
multiple outputs, Taps
regulation with diodes, DC Voltage Regulation and Noise Suppression
sensing with diodes, Voltage Sensing

voltage amplifiers, What It Does

voltage coefficient (Vc), Stability

voltage dividers, How to Use it, How to Use it, What It Does, Voltage Divider, How It Works, How It Works

voltage multipliers, Voltage Multiplier

voltage overload, Voltage Overload, Excessive Current or Voltage

bipolar transistors and, Excessive Current or Voltage
capacitors and, Voltage Overload

voltage rating, Values

voltage regulators, voltage regulator–Inaccurate Delivered Voltage, What It Does, How It Works, Packaging, Values, How to Use it, Inadequate Heat Management, Inaccurate Delivered Voltage

design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Inadequate Heat Management
types of, Packaging
use of, How to Use it, Inaccurate Delivered Voltage
values for, Values

voltage spikes, How to Use it, What It Does

protection against, How to Use it, What It Does

voltage-controlled resistors, JFET Behavior

volts times amps, Values

VRLA, Rechargeable Batteries (see valve-regulated lead-acid batteries)

zero ohm components, Value Coding

resistors, Value Coding

zinc-carbon cells, Disposable Batteries

Index

A note on the digital index

Symbols

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y

Z