Index

A note on the digital index

A link in an index entry is displayed as the section title in which that entry appears. Because some sections have multiple index markers, it is not unusual for an entry to have several links to the same section. Clicking on any link will take you directly to the place in the text in which the marker appears.

Symbols

18 * D) + (40 * W, Calculating Inductance
1:1 transformers, Isolation Transformer (see isolation transformers)

A

absolute encoding, Rotary DIP
AC adapters, How to Use it, AC-DC power supply, What It Does, How to Use it
AC inrush, AC Inrush
AC motors, AC motorInternal Breakage, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, How to Use It, What Can Go Wrong
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, What Can Go Wrong
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use It
values for, Values
AC-AC transformers, AC-AC transformerIncorrect AC Frequency, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Core Shapes, Values, How to Use it, Reversal of Input and Output
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Reversal of Input and Output
schematic symbol for, What It Does
types of, Core Shapes
use of, How to Use it
values for, Values
AC-DC power supplies, AC-DC power supplyPeak Inrush, What It Does, Variants, How to Use it, High Voltage Shock
function of, What It Does
potential problems, High Voltage Shock
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it
accumulators, battery
active mode, Terminology
actuators, Terminology
adjustable inductors, Variable Inductors
adjustable output converters, Formats
adjustable voltage regulators, Adjustable Regulators
Ah/AH/A/H, Capacity (see amp-hours)
air cores, Nonmagnetic Cores
alkaline cells, Disposable Batteries, Voltage
alternate pushbuttons, Latching
alternating current (AC), What It Does, What It Does, What It Does, Three-Phase Induction Motor, What It Does
amp-hour capacity, Capacity, Capacity
amp-hours (Ah), Capacity
amplifiers, Amplifiers
amplitude-modulated, Nonmagnetic Cores
analog servo motors, Variants
annulus, Gearhead Motor
anodes, How It Works, What It Does
anti-backlash gears, How It Works
apparent power, Values
arcing, Arcing, Arcing, Snubber
armatures, How It Works
audio tone control, Audio Tone Control
audio transformers, Audio Transformer
audio-taper potentiometers, Linear and Log Taper, The Wrong Taper
automotive fuses, Automotive Fuses
automotive relays, Automotive Relays
autotransformers, Autotransformer
auxilliary winding, Single-Phase Induction Motor
avalanche breakdown, Overload
axial leads, Format
axial loading, Values
axial resistors, Variants

B

back EMF, Snubber, Protection Diodes, Rectification, Back-EMF Suppression
backlash, Backlash, Variants
bandpass filters, How to Use it
basic switches, Snap-Action
batteries, batteryHigh Current Flow Between Parallel Batteries, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Variants, Variants, Disposable Batteries, Rechargeable Batteries, Amperage, Capacity, Voltage, How to Use it, Short Circuits: Overheating and Fire, Capacitor as a Battery Substitute, What Can Go Wrong
capacitors as, Capacitor as a Battery Substitute
capacity, Capacity
DC-AC inverters and, What Can Go Wrong
design of, How It Works
disposable, Variants, Disposable Batteries
fuel cells, Variants
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Short Circuits: Overheating and Fire
rechargeable, Variants, Rechargeable Batteries
schematic symbols for, What It Does
use of, How to Use it
values for, Amperage
voltage, Voltage
battery acid, Rechargeable Batteries
battery chargers, Variants
bearings, Bearings
failure of, Bearings
beta value (β), Current Gain
biased relays, Polarity
biased semiconductors, How It Works
bifilar motors, Bifilar
bipolar electrolytic capacitors, Principal Types
bipolar junction transistor (BJT), bipolar transistor (see bipolar transistors)
bipolar motors, Permanent Magnet Stepper Motors
bipolar stepper motors, Bipolar Stepper Motors
bipolar transistors, bipolar transistorExcessive Leakage, What It Does, How It Works, How It Works, Variants, How to Use it, Wrong Connections on a Bipolar Transistor
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Wrong Connections on a Bipolar Transistor
schematic symbols for, How It Works
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it
BLDC motors, Brushless DC Motor (see brushless DC motors)
blown fuses, What It Does, Repeated Failure
body terminals, The Substrate Connection
boost-type converters, Boost Converter, How to Use it
boots, Toggle
break-before-make switches, On-Off Behavior, Conventional
breakdown state, JFET Behavior
breakdown voltage, How It Works
breakers, What Can Go Wrong
breaking capacity, Values
bridge rectifiers, Bridge Rectifier
brushes, How It Works, Brushes and Commutator, Wound-Rotor AC Induction Motor
brushless DC motors, Brushless DC Motor
buck converters, Buck Converter
buck-boost converters, Flyback Converter with Inductor (see flyback converters)
bulk metal foil, Materials
bushings, Terminology
button capacitors, Format (see disk capacitors)
button cells, What It Does
bypass capacitors, Bypass Capacitor, How to Use it
bypass switches, How It Works

C

c-clamps, Vibration
C-rate, Capacity
capacitance, Dielectric Constant, Values
capacitive reactance, Alternating Current and Capacitive Reactance
capacitor arrays, Format
capacitor clamps, Vibration
capacitor networks, Format
capacitors, Variants, capacitorMisleading Nomenclature, capacitor, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Format, Farads, How to Use it, What Can Go Wrong, Single-Phase Induction Motor
(see also variable capacitors)
as alternative to shorting coils, Single-Phase Induction Motor
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, What Can Go Wrong
schematic symbols, What It Does
types of, Format
use of, How to Use it
values for, Farads
capacity, CapacityVoltage
caps, capacitor (see capacitors)
carbon-composite resistors, Materials
carbon-film potentiometers, Wear and Tear
carbon-film resistors, Materials
carriers, Gearhead Motor
cartridge fuses, Small Cartridge Fuses
cathode-ray tubes, How to Use it
cathodes, How It Works, What It Does
cells, battery, How It Works
ceramic capacitors, Principal Types
charging, Diminished Performance Caused by Improper Recharging, Reverse Charging
incorrect voltage and, Diminished Performance Caused by Improper Recharging
reverse charging, Reverse Charging
chatter, Chatter
chokes, inductor
chopper drives, Voltage Control
circuit breakers, Incorrect Polarity, What It Does
circuits, Resistor Array
RC circuits, Resistor Array
clamp diodes, Voltage Clamping
closed-loop systems, Reluctance Stepper Motors, Sensing and Feedback
CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor), What It Does
code samples, Safari® Books Online
digital access to, Safari® Books Online
coded rotary switches, Rotary DIP
cogging, Rotor Design
coils, How It Works, DC Through a Coil, What It Does, How It Works
cold cranking rating, Values
collectors, How It Works, Connections
common contacts, Terminology
common-bus configurations, Resistor Array
common-collector amplifiers, Amplifiers
common-emitter amplifier, Amplifiers
commutators, How It Works, Variants, Wound-Rotor AC Induction Motor
complement-coded rotary switches, Rotary DIP
complementary metal oxide semiconductor, What It Does (see CMOS)
components, Inclusions and Exclusions
definition of, Inclusions and Exclusions
condensers, capacitor (see capacitors)
contact bounce, Contact Bounce
contacts, Contact Contamination, Vulnerable Contacts, Contact Overload, Contact Burnout, How It Works, Environmental Hazards
burnout of, Contact Burnout
contamination of, Contact Contamination, Environmental Hazards
overloading of, Contact Overload
relays and, How It Works
vulnerability of, Vulnerable Contacts
continuous inductors, Magnetic Core
contractors, Contactor
control shaft encoders, rotational encoder
conventional current, Electrode Terminology, How It Works
inductors and, How It Works
converters, What It Does (see DC-DC converters)
cores, What It Does, Core Choices, The Core, Core Shapes
coupling capacitors, Coupling Capacitor
covered power supplies, Formats
crossover networks, How to Use it
crystal diodes, diode (see diodes)
crystal sets, Nonmagnetic Cores
cup (potentiometer), Ganged Potentiometer
current, What It Does, Inadequate Current, Values
inadequate, Inadequate Current
stall current, Values
current amplifiers, How It Works, What It Does
current gain (hFE), Current Gain
current ratings, Values, Values, Values, Values, Values, Values
DC motors, Values
fuses, Values
pushbuttons, Values
relays, Values
rotary switches, Values
rotational encoders, Values
cutoff mode, Terminology
cylindrical capacitors, Format

D

damping, Resonance
Darlington chips, Darlington Pairs
Darlington pair chips, Wrong Connections on a Darlington Pair Chip
Darlington pairs, How It Works, Protection Diodes, What It Does, Darlington Pairs
DC current, DC Through a Coil, Accidental DC Input
AC-AC tranformers and, Accidental DC Input
inductors and, DC Through a Coil
DC motors, DC motorAudible Noise, What It Does, How It Works, Coil Configurations, Values, How to Use it, Brushes and Commutator
current rating, Values
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Brushes and Commutator
types of, Coil Configurations
use of, How to Use it
DC-AC inverters, DC-AC inverterWhat Can Go Wrong, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, How to Use it, What Can Go Wrong
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, What Can Go Wrong
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it
values for, Values
DC-DC converters, DC-DC converterInaccurate Voltage Output with Low Load, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, How to Use it, Electrical Noise in Output
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Electrical Noise in Output
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it
values for, Values
DCR (DC resistance), Datasheet Terminology
debounce, Contact Bounce
decks, How It Works
decoupling capacitors, Bypass Capacitor
deep cycle batteries, Rechargeable Batteries
degauss, How to Use it
delay fuses, Small Cartridge Fuses
delta configuration, Coil Configurations
demagnetization, Rotor Demagnetization
of rotors, Rotor Demagnetization
demagnetizing objects, How to Use it
depletion device, JFETs
depletion layer, JFETs
depletion region, How It Works
detent torque, Excessive Torque
detents, What It Does
dielectric absorption, Dielectric Memory
dielectric constant, Dielectric Constant
dielectric memory, Dielectric Memory
dielectrics, How It Works, Dielectrics, How It Works, MOSFETs
digital access, Safari® Books Online
code samples, Safari® Books Online
digital servo motors, Variants
diode arrays, Diode Array
diodes, Arcing, diodeWrong Type of Diode, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Packaging, Values, Rectification, Overload
DC circuits and, Arcing
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Overload
schematic symbol for, What It Does
types of, Packaging
use of, Rectification
values for, Values
DIP, Resistor Array (see dual-inline package)
DIP switches, What It Does, DIP, Rotary DIP
(see also rotary DIP switches)
vs. jumpers, What It Does
direct current (DC), What It Does, What It Does
direct current-excited motors, Synchronous Motor
discrete semiconductors, What It Does
disk capacitors, Format
disposable batteries, Variants, Disposable BatteriesDisposable Batteries
doping, JFETs
double-pole pushbuttons, What It Does
double-pole switches, How It Works
double-throw (DT) switches, How It Works
drain-source breakdown, JFET Behavior
dropout voltage, How It Works
dry cells, How It Works
dry joints, Dry Joints
dual-coil latching relays, Latching
dual-ganged potentiometers, Ganged Potentiometer
dual-inline package (DIP), Resistor Array
dynamic resistance, How It Works, Zener Diode
dyne-meters, Values

E

effective series resistance (ESR), How It Works, How to Use it
efficiency, Efficiency
converters and, Efficiency
8-wire motors, Bifilar
electrical capacity, Capacity (see capacity)
electrical noise, Noise, What It Does, Real-World Defects, Electrical Noise, Electrical Noise in Output, Electrical Noise, DC Voltage Regulation and Noise Suppression
electrical polarity, Electrical and Magnetic Polarity
electrochemical cells, What It Does
electrochemical power sources, battery
electrodes, How It Works, Electrode Terminology
electrolysis, What It Does
electrolytes, How It Works
electrolytic capacitors, Principal Types, Specific Electrolytic Issues, Capacitor Failure
electrolytic cells, What It Does
electrolytic layer dielectrics, Dielectrics
electromagnetic armature relays, relay
electromagnetic interference (EMI), How to Use it, How to Use it, Electrical Noise
electromagnets, electromagnetWhat Can Go Wrong, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, How to Use it, What Can Go Wrong
function of, What It Does, How It Works
potential problems, What Can Go Wrong
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it
values for, Values
electromechanical linear actuators, Linear Actuator
electromechanical relays, relay
electromotive force (EMF), AC Inrush, Protection Diodes, Rectification, Back-EMF Suppression
electron holes, How It Works, How It Works
electronic commutation, Brushless DC Motor
electrostatic discharge (ESD), Transient Voltage Suppressor (TVS), Static Electricity
element, How It Works
emergency switches, Emergency Switch
EMI, Electrical Noise (see electromagnetic interference)
emitters, How It Works, Connections
enable pins, Additional Pin Functions
encoded output rotary switches, Rotary DIP
enhancement devices, JFETs, MOSFETs
epicyclic gears, Gearhead Motor
equivalent series resistance (ESR), Heat
errata, web address for, How to Contact Us
ESD, Transient Voltage Suppressor (TVS) (see electrostatic discharge)

F

farads (F), Farads
ferrite beads, Ferrite Beads
ferromagnetic cores, The Core
field effect transistor (FET), What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, How to Use it, Static Electricity
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Static Electricity
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it
values for, Values
field windings, Stator Design
field-effect transistor (FET), field effect transistorWrong Bias
555 timer, Speed Control, How It Works, Unipolar Motors, Protection Diodes, What It Does
flat-ganged potentiometers, Ganged Potentiometer
flip-flop behavior, Latching
flooded design, Rechargeable Batteries
flux density, How It Works
flyback converters, Flyback Converter with Inductor
flyback diodes, Arcing
flyback-type converters, Switching Power Supply
foot pedal pushbuttons, Foot Pedal
FORM A/B switches, On-Off Behavior
Form A/B/C pushbuttons, On-Off Behavior
formulae, Typographical Conventions
presentation of, Typographical Conventions
forward bias, How It Works
forward direction (diodes), What It Does
forward EMF, AC Inrush
frames, What It Does
freewheeling diodes, Arcing
front panel mount switches, Mounting Options
fuel cells, Variants
fuseholders, How to Use it
fuses, Incorrect Polarity, What It DoesPlacement, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Values, Values, Variants, How to Use it, Repeated Failure, Placement
(see also circuit breakers)
current rating, Values
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Repeated Failure
schematic symbols for, What It Does
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it, Placement
voltage rating, Values
fusible links, Strip Fuses
fusible resistors, Value Coding

G

ganged potentiometers, Ganged Potentiometer
gear motors, Gearhead Motor (see gearhead motors)
gearhead motors, Gearhead Motor, Backlash
gears, Variants
nylon vs. metal, Variants
general-purpose resistors, Variants
generators, How It Works
gigaohms, Values
Gray-coded outputs, Gray Code
grounding, Failure to Ground Trimmer Capacitor While Adjusting it, Shock Hazard from Common Ground
common ground, Shock Hazard from Common Ground
variable capacitors and, Failure to Ground Trimmer Capacitor While Adjusting it
Gunn diodes, What It Does, Tunnel Diode, Gunn Diode, PIN Diode
gyrators, Gyrator, Miniaturization

H

H bridge system, Direction Control
half-cells, How It Works
half-stepping mode, Microstepping
Hall effect sensors, Brushless DC Motor
harmonics, How It Works
header sockets, Variants
headers, How It Works, Keypad
heat, Materials, Heat, Heat, Excess Heat with No Load, Inadequate Heat Management, Heat, Heat effects, Stalled Motor, Overload
AC motors and, Stalled Motor
capacitors and, Heat
converters and, Excess Heat with No Load
diodes and, Overload
effect on motors, Heat effects
power resistors and, Materials
resistors and, Heat
solenoids and, Heat
voltage regulators and, Inadequate Heat Management
heat sinks, Variants, Packaging
Henry units, Calculating Inductance
high phase count motors, High Phase Count
high side, Power Switches
high-frequency transistors, Variants
high-pass filters, High-Pass Filter, How to Use it
high-speed diodes, Signal Diodes
hold current, Resettable Fuses
holding torque, Excessive Torque
horse-shoe magnet design, Variants
hot switching, What It Does
hunting, Hunting
hybrid motors, Hybrid
hysteresis, Magnetic Core, Magnetic Cores, Variants, Hysteresis
hysteresis motors, Synchronous Motor

I

IGBT, Speed Control (see insulated-gate bipolar transistor)
illuminated pushbuttons, Styles
impedance, Audio Transformer
in-line fuse holders, Automotive Fuses
inaccuracy, Inaccuracy
resistors and, Inaccuracy
incandescent bulbs, Styles
incremental devices, What It Does
rotational encoders, What It Does
indicators, In Series with LED
inductance, Inductance, Calculating Inductance
inductance index, Datasheet Terminology
inductance-capacitance circuits, How to Use it (see LC circuits)
induction motors, Reluctance Stepper Motors
induction rotors, Rotor Design
inductive loads, Arcing, How to Use it
switch choices for, Arcing
voltage spikes and, How to Use it
inductive reactance, How It Works, Alternating Current and Capacitive Reactance
inductors, inductorRF Problems, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Calculating Inductance, How to Use it, Real-World Defects
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Real-World Defects
schematic symbol for, What It Does
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it
values for, Calculating Inductance
inrunner configuration, Brushless DC Motor
insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), Speed Control
insulated-gate field-effect transistor (IGFET), field effect transistor
integrated circuits, What It Does
internal resistance, Amperage
inverted AC motors, Inverted AC Motors
ions, How It Works
ISAT (saturation current, Datasheet Terminology
isolated vs. non-isolated, Isolated or Non-Isolated
isolation transformers, Isolation Transformer

J

jumper assemblies, Variants
jumper sockets, jumper (see jumpers)
jumper wires, jumper
jumpers, jumperWhat Can Go Wrong
junction field-effect transistor (JFET), field effect transistor, JFETsJFET Behavior
junction threshold voltage, How It Works, How It Works

K

Karbonite gears, Variants
keylock switches, Keylock
keypad pushbuttons, Keypad
kilohms, Values
knife switches, What It Does

L

latching pushbuttons, Latching
latching relays, Limit Switches, Latching
LC (inductance-capacitance) circuits, How to Use it
lead-acid batteries, What It Does, Rechargeable Batteries, Complete Discharge of Lead-Acid Battery
leakage, How It Works, How It Works, What It Does, Excessive Leakage
LED (light-emitting diode), Styles, LED Issues, In Series with LED, What It Does
pushbuttons and, Styles
resistors and, In Series with LED
limit switches, Snap-Action, Linear Actuator, Limit Switches
linear actuators, Linear Actuator, How to Use it, How to Use it
linear mode, Terminology
linear motors, Variants
linear regulated power supplies, Variants
linear taper potentiometers, Linear and Log Taper
linear voltage regulators, voltage regulator (see voltage regulators)
lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion), Rechargeable Batteries, Short Circuits: Overheating and Fire
lithium-ion polymer batteries, Rechargeable Batteries
load regulation, Load Regulation
loads, What It Does
lock paint, Application of Overcoat Material or "Lock Paint"
locked-rotor torque, Rotor Design
locking pushbuttons, Latching
locking toggle switches, Toggle
log-taper potentiometers, Linear and Log Taper, The Wrong Taper
logarithmic volume control, How to Use it
logic chips, Contact Bounce, How to Use it
logic circuits, Logic Circuits, DC-AC inverter
logic gates, Logic Gate
logic inverters, DC-AC inverter
low-dropout voltage regulators, How It Works, Low-Dropout Linear Regulators
low-pass filters, Low-Pass Filter, How to Use it
low-signal relays, Small Signal Relay
lubricants, Ambient Conditions
environmental effects on, Ambient Conditions

M

magnetic circuits, DC Through a Coil
magnetic cores, Magnetic Core, Magnetic Cores
magnetic domains, Magnetic Core, Saturation, Variants
magnetic fields, Magnetic Fields
magnetic polarity, Electrical and Magnetic Polarity
magnetic resistance, How It Works (see reluctance)
magnetic saturation, Magnetic Core
mAh, Capacity (see milliamp-hours)
MAKE magazine, How to Contact Us
contact information, How to Contact Us
make-before-break switches, On-Off Behavior, Conventional
make-to-break connections, On-Off Behavior, On-Off Behavior
make-to-make connections, On-Off Behavior
matrix encoded pushbuttons, Keypad
mechanical encoders, Mechanical Encoder
mechanical rotary encoders, rotational encoder
mechanical wear, Mechanical Wear, Wear and Tear
of switches, Mechanical Wear
potentiometers, Wear and Tear
megohms, Values
membrane pad pushbuttons, Membrane Pad
membrane separators, How It Works
memory effect, Rechargeable Batteries
MESFET (MEtal-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor), MESFET
metal-film resistors, Materials
metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor, field effect transistor (see MOSFET)
meter loading, Inaccuracy
microcontrollers, Latching, Keypad, Alternatives, How to Use it, How It Works, How to Use it, Speed Control, How It Works, Darlington Pairs
as alternative to switches, Alternatives
as pulse sources, Speed Control
increasing output of, Darlington Pairs
keypads and, Keypad
pushbuttons and, Latching
rotary switches and, How to Use it
rotational encoders and, How It Works, How to Use it
servo motors and, How It Works
microfarads (μF), Farads, Misleading Nomenclature
microhenrys (μH), Calculating Inductance
microstepping mode, Microstepping
microswitches, Snap-Action
milliamp-hours (mAh), Capacity
millihenrys (mH), Calculating Inductance
milliohms, Values
miniaturized potentiometers, Classic-style Potentiometer
modified sine waves, Variants
monetary switches, pushbutton, Latching
MOSFET (metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor), What It Does, Speed Control, field effect transistor, MOSFETsThe Substrate Connection, Heat
movable contacts, Terminology
multiphase motors, Multiphase
multiple-turn potentiometers, Multiple-Turn Potentiometer
Must Operate By voltage, Values
Must Release By voltage, Values
mutual induction, How It Works

N

N layer, How It Works
N-channel, JFETs
N-type semiconductors, How It Works
nanofarads (nF), Farads
nanohenrys (nH), Calculating Inductance
negative resistance region, How It Works
negative voltage regulators, Negative and Positive Regulators
neon bulbs, Styles
neutral relays, Polarity
Newton-meters, Values
nichrome (Ni-chrome) elements, Variants
nickel-cadmium batteries (nicad/NiCd), Rechargeable Batteries, Rechargeable Batteries
nickel-metal hydride batteries (NiMH), Rechargeable Batteries, Rechargeable Batteries
noise, Noise, What It Does, Real-World Defects, Electrical Noise, Electrical Noise in Output, Audible Noise, Electrical Noise, DC Voltage Regulation and Noise Suppression
electrical, Noise, What It Does, Real-World Defects, Electrical Noise, Electrical Noise in Output, Electrical Noise
reduction of, Audible Noise, DC Voltage Regulation and Noise Suppression
non-excited synchronous motors, Synchronous Motor
non-flammable resistors, Value Coding
nonlatching relays, Latching
nonmagnetic cores, Nonmagnetic Cores
nonshorting switches, Conventional, Misidentified Shorting Switch
normally closed (NC), On-Off Behavior, On-Off Behavior
normally open (NO), On-Off Behavior, On-Off Behavior
notch filters, How to Use it
nuisance opening, Repeated Failure
nylon vs. metal gears, Variants

O

octal base, General Purpose/Industrial
OCV, Voltage (see open circuit voltage)
ohmic region, JFET Behavior
on-off switches, How It Works
open circuit voltage (OCV/Voc), Voltage
open-frame power supplies, Formats
open-frame switches, What It Does
open-loop systems, Reluctance Stepper Motors, Sensing and Feedback
operating point, Amplifiers
optical mouse, rotational encoder
oscillating, Hunting
ounce-inches, Values
output, Misidentified Parts
voltage regulators and, Misidentified Parts
outrunner configuration, Brushless DC Motor
overcoat material, Application of Overcoat Material or "Lock Paint"
overheating, Overheating, Overload, What Can Go Wrong, Heat
DC-AC inverters and, What Can Go Wrong
MOSFETs, Heat
potentiometers, Overheating
transformers and, Overload
overshoot, Step Loss

P

P layer, How It Works
P-channel, JFETs
P-type semiconductors, How It Works
paddle switches, Paddle
panel-mount switches, Mounting Options, Mounting Problems
panel-mounted pushbuttons, Mounting Style
parallel batteries, High Current Flow Between Parallel Batteries
high current flow, High Current Flow Between Parallel Batteries
parasitic capacitance, Real-World Defects
parasitic inductance, Inductance, Dielectrics
pass transistors, How It Works
PC board rotary switches, PC Board Rotary Switch
PC mount switches, Mounting Options
PC pushbuttons, Mounting Style
PC terminals, Termination
peak inrush, Peak Inrush, AC Inrush
peak inrush current, Repeated Failure
permanent magnet stepper motors, Permanent Magnet Stepper Motors
permeability, Magnetic Core
Peukert number, Capacity
phase count, What It Does
phases (steps), What It Does
pick-offs, How It Works
picofarads (pF), Farads
piles, battery
pin configurations, Pinout Variations, Wrong Pinouts, Misidentified Pins
correct identification of, Misidentified Pins
relays, Pinout Variations, Wrong Pinouts
PIN diodes, What It Does, Tunnel Diode, Gunn Diode, PIN Diode
pitch, Values
planetary gears, Gearhead Motor
plastic-film dielectrics, Dielectrics
plug fuses, Variants
plug-in transformers, Plug-in Transformer
plungers, What It Does
PN junction diodes, diode (see diodes)
polarity, Incorrect Polarity, Polarity, Wrong Polarity, Electrical and Magnetic Polarity, Shock Hazard from Common Ground, Reversed Polarity
danger of incorrect, Incorrect Polarity, Wrong Polarity
danger of reversed, Reversed Polarity
DC relays and, Polarity
mnemonics for, Electrical and Magnetic Polarity
preventing reversed, Shock Hazard from Common Ground
polarized relays, Polarity
pole faces, What It Does
poles, What It Does, Poles and Throws, How It Works, Terminology, Poles and Throws
polymeric positive temperature coefficient fuse, Resettable Fuses
polyphase AC, Three-Phase Induction Motor
positive charges, How It Works
positive voltage regulators, Negative and Positive Regulators
potentiometers, What It Does, potentiometerThe Wrong Taper, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Linear and Log Taper, How to Use it, Wear and Tear, Speed Control
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Wear and Tear
schematic symbols for, What It Does
types of, Linear and Log Taper
use of, How to Use it
pound-feet, Values
power cells, battery
power cords, Shock Hazard from Common Ground
correct choice of, Shock Hazard from Common Ground
power MOSFETs, V-Channel MOSFET
power resistors, Variants
power transformers, Power Transformer
power transistors, Variants
power wire-wound resistors, Materials
PPR, Pulses and Detents (see pulses per rotation)
precision resistors, Variants
precision wire-wound resistors, Materials
press-twice pushbuttons, Latching
primary cells, Variants
primary coils, What It Does
programmable unijunction transistor (PUT), unijunction transistor, Name Confusion
protection diodes, Protection Diodes, Back-EMF Suppression
proximity effect, RF Problems
PTC/PPTC, Resettable Fuses (see polymeric positive temperature coefficient fuse)
pull-in torque, Excessive Torque
pull-out torque, Excessive Torque
pulldown resistors, Pullup and Pulldown Resistors
pullup resistors, How to Use it, Pullup and Pulldown Resistors
pulse-width modulation (PWM), Switching Power Supply, How It Works, Variants, Speed Control, How to Use It, How It Works, Voltage Control
pulses per rotation (PPR), Pulses and Detents
push-lock push-release pushbuttons, Latching
push-on push-off pushbuttons, Latching
push-push pushbuttons, Latching
pushbutton switches, pushbutton
pushbuttons, pushbuttonOther Problems, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Poles and Throws, Values, How to Use it, No Button
current ratings, Values
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, No Button
schematic symbol for, What It Does
types of, Poles and Throws
use of, How to Use it
pushwheel switches, Pushwheel and Thumbwheel
PUT (programmable unijunction transistor), unijunction transistor, Name Confusion
PWM, Speed Control (see pulse-width modulation)

Q

quadrature output, Output
quality factor, Equivalent Series Resistance
quasi-low-dropout voltage regulators, Quasi-Low-Dropout Linear Regulators
quick connect terminals, Termination
quiescent current, How to Use it
quiescent point, Amplifiers

R

radial leads, Format
radial loading, Values
radial resistors, Variants
radio buttons, Radio Buttons
radio crystal set, Nonmagnetic Cores
radio frequencies (RF), RF Problems
ramping, Step Loss
rated current, Values
fuses, Values
rated voltage, Values
RC (resistor-capacitor) network, RC Network, How It Works
RC circuits, Resistor Array
RC servo motors, servo motor
reactance, How to Use it, EMF and Back-EMF, Calculating Reactance
real-coded rotary switches, Rotary DIP
rechargeable batteries, Variants, Rechargeable BatteriesRechargeable Batteries
rectified current, Inverted AC Motors
rectifier diodes, Rectifier Diodes, Rectification, Wrong Type of Diode
rectifiers, How to Use it, Linear Regulated Power Supply, Switching Power Supply, Variants, What It Does
reed relays, Reed Relay, Arcing
reed switches, Reed Relay, How to Use it
relative devices, What It Does
rotational encoders, What It Does
relative encoding, Rotary DIP
relays, relayEnvironmental Hazards, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Latching, Latching, Values, How to Use it, Wrong Pinouts
current rating, Values
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
possible problems, Wrong Pinouts
schematic symbols for, What It Does, Latching
types of, Latching
use of, How to Use it
reluctance, DC Through a Coil, Calculating Reluctance, How It Works, How It Works
reluctance motors, Brushless DC Motor, Reluctance Motor, How to Use It
reluctance stepper motors, Reluctance Stepper Motors
remanent magnetism, Magnetic Core
reserve batteries, Disposable Batteries
resettable fuses, What It Does, Resettable Fuses
resistance, Rotational Resistance, Reluctance Stepper Motors
rotational encoders, Rotational Resistance
resistor arrays, Resistor Array
resistor ladders, How to Use it
resistor networks/ladders, Resistor Array (see resistor arrays)
resistor-capacitor (RC) network, RC Network, How It Works
resistors, What It DoesWrong Values, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, Materials, How to Use it, Heat
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
materials, Materials
possible problems, Heat
schematic symbols for, What It Does
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it
values for, Values
resistors in parallel, Resistors in Parallel
resistors in series, Resistors in Series
resonant frequency, Alternating Current and Capacitive Reactance, Resonance
response curves, How It Works
retentivity, Magnetic Cores
reverse charging, Reverse Charging
rheostats, What It Does, Speed Control
right-angle PC rotary switch, Rotary DIP
right-angle PC terminals, Termination
right-hand rule, Electrical and Magnetic Polarity
ripple-and-noise values, Ripple and Noise
RMS, How It Works (see root mean square)
rocker switches, Rocker
root mean square (RMS), How It Works
rotary DIP switches, Rotary DIP
rotary switches, rotary switchWrong Shaft, Wrong Knobs, Nuts That Get Lost, Too Big to Fit, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Conventional, Values, How to Use it, Vulnerable Contacts
current rating, Values
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Vulnerable Contacts
schematic symbol for, What It Does
types of, Conventional
use of, How to Use it
rotational encoders, Alternatives, rotational encoderContact Burnout, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, How to Use it, Switch Bounce
current rating, Values
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Switch Bounce
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it
rotors, What It Does, How It Works, How It Works, How It Works, Rotor Design, What It Does, Rotor Demagnetization
demagnetization of, Rotor Demagnetization

S

Safari Books Online, Safari® Books Online
safe operating area (SOA), How to Use it
saturated mode, Terminology
saturation, Saturation, Saturation, Current Gain
saturation current, Datasheet Terminology
saturation region (Idss), JFET Behavior
saturation, magnetic, How It Works
schematic symbols, What It Does, What It Does, What It Does, Slider, Cryptic Schematics, What It Does, What It Does, Latching, What It Does, Value Coding, What It Does, What It Does, What It Does, What It Does, Taps, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, MOSFETs, Schematic Symbols
AC-AC transformers, What It Does, Taps
batteries, What It Does
bipolar transistors, How It Works
capacitors, What It Does
diodes, What It Does
fuses, What It Does
inductors, What It Does
MOFSET, MOSFETs
potentiometers, What It Does
pushbuttons, What It Does
relays, What It Does, Latching
resistors, What It Does, Value Coding
rotary switches, What It Does
slide switches, Slider
switches, Cryptic Schematics
unijunction transistors, What It Does
Schottky diodes, Schottky Diode
SCR, Speed Control (see silicon-controlled rectifier)
screw terminals, Termination
secondary cells, Variants
secondary coils, What It Does
self-discharge rate, Disposable Batteries
self-inductance, inductor, Voltage Control
self-resonance, Real-World Defects
self-resonant frequency, Alternating Current and Capacitive Reactance, Datasheet Terminology
semiconductors, How It Works
series resistors, In Series with LED
servo motors, servo motorElectrical Noise, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, How to Use it, Incorrect Wiring, Positional Control
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Incorrect Wiring
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it
values for, Values
vs. stepper motors, Positional Control
settling time, Contact Bounce
shaded pole motors, Single-Phase Induction Motor
shell cores, Core Shapes
shielding, Lack of Shielding
variable capacitors and, Lack of Shielding
shock hazards, Shock Hazard from Common Ground, High Voltage Shock
AC-AC transformers and, Shock Hazard from Common Ground
AC-DC power supplies, High Voltage Shock
short-circuited batteries, Short Circuits: Overheating and Fire, How to Use it
short-circuited switches, Short Circuits
shorting coils, Single-Phase Induction Motor
shorting switches, On-Off Behavior, Conventional, Misidentified Shorting Switch
shunts, jumper (see jumpers)
signal clipping, AC Voltage Control and Signal Clipping
signal diodes, Signal Diodes, Wrong Type of Diode
silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR), Speed Control
single side stable relays, Latching
single-coil latching relays, Latching
single-inline package (SIP), Resistor Array
single-layer ceramic capicitors, Dielectric Memory
single-phase induction motors, Single-Phase Induction Motor
single-pole switches, How It Works
single-throw (ST) switches, How It Works
SIP, Resistor Array (see single-inline package)
SIP switches, SIP
skin effect, RF Problems
slide pushbuttons, Slider
slider potentiometers, Slider Potentiometer
slider pushbuttons, Slider
slider switches, Slider, Contact Contamination
sliding noise, Sliding Noise
slip, Rotor Design
Slo-Blo fuses, Small Cartridge Fuses
slow-blowing fuses, How to Use it
small cartridge fuses, Small Cartridge Fuses
small-signal relays, Small Signal Relay
small-signal transistors, Variants
small-switching transistors, Variants
SMPS, Switching Power Supply (see switching power supply)
SMT, Surface Mount Fuses (see surface-mount fuses)
snap-action switches, Snap-Action Switches, Snap-Action
snap-in mount switches, Mounting Options
snubbers, How to Use it, Arcing, Resistor Array, Snubber
SOA, How to Use it (see safe operating area)
solder lug terminals, Termination
soldering damage, Soldering Damage, Soldering Damage
solenoids, solenoidLoose Plunger, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, How to Use it, Heat
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Heat
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it
values for, Values
solid-state relays, relay
splines, Variants
split-bobbin transformers, Split-Bobbin Transformer
split-phase induction motors, Single-Phase Induction Motor
sponge (lead), Rechargeable Batteries
spur gears, Gearhead Motor
squirre-cage motors, Rotor Design
squirrel-cage motors, How It Works
SRF (self-resonant frequency, Datasheet Terminology
stability, Stability
resistors and, Stability
stall current, Values
stall torque, Values
standard type regulators, How It Works
star configuration, Coil Configurations
stationary contacts, Terminology
stators, How It Works, How It Works, How It Works, What It Does
status pins, Additional Pin Functions
step angle, Reluctance Stepper Motors
step loss, Step Loss
step motors, stepper motor (see stepper motors)
step-down transformers, How It Works
step-up transformers, How It Works
stepper motors, stepper motorRotor Demagnetization, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, How to Use it, What Can Go Wrong
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, What Can Go Wrong
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it
values for, Values
stepping motors, stepper motor (see stepper motors)
stops, How It Works
strip fuses, Strip Fuses
subject-oriented organization, Subject Paths
subminiature fuses, Through-Hole Fuses
subminiature paddle switches, Paddle
subminiature slide switches, Slider
subminiature switches, Snap-Action
subpanel mount switches, Mounting Options
substrate connections, The Substrate Connection
sulfurization, Sulfurization
sun gear, Gearhead Motor
supercapacitors, Variants, Capacitor as a Battery Substitute
surface mount switches, Mounting Options
surface-mount (SMT) fuses, Surface Mount Fuses
surface-mount capacitors, Format
surface-mount resistors, Variants
surface-mount transformers, Surface-Mount Transformer
surface-mounted pushbuttons, Mounting Style
surge sensitivity, How It Works
switch bounce, Contact Bounce, Switch Bounce
switched potentiometers, Switched Potentiometer
switched-mode power supply, Switching Power Supply (see switching power supply)
switchers, Switching Power Supply, DC-DC converter (see DC-DC converters) (see switching power supply)
switches, What It Does, switchCryptic Schematics, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Terminology, Values, Power Switches, Arcing, rotary switch
(see also rotary switches)
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Arcing
terminology, Terminology
types of, Variants
use of, Power Switches
values for, Values
switching diodes, Signal Diodes
switching power supplies, Variants, Switching Power Supply, How to Use it
switching regulators, DC-DC converter (see DC-DC converters)
synchronous motors, Brushless DC Motor, Synchronous Motor

T

tactile swithes, Tactile Switch
tank circuits, How to Use it (see LC circuits)
tantalum capacitors, Principal Types, Voltage Overload
taps, Taps
Tcr/Tc, Stability (see temperature coefficient)
teeth (rotor), Reluctance Stepper Motors
temperature coefficient (Tcr/Tc), Stability
terminals, choosing correct, Wrong Terminal Type
terminals, for switches, Termination
THD, Variants (see total harmonic distortion)
thick-film resistors, Variants, Materials
thin-film resistors, Materials
three-phase induction motors, Three-Phase Induction Motor
through-hole chips (capacitors), Format
through-hole fuses, Through-Hole Fuses, Resettable Fuses
through-hole terminals, Termination
throws, Poles and Throws, Poles and Throws
thumbwheel switches, Pushwheel and Thumbwheel
time constant, The Time Constant, Time Constant
time-delay relay switches, Time Delay Relay
toggle switches, Toggle
tolerance, Tolerance
resistors, Tolerance
toroidal core inductors, Toroidal Cores
torque, Values, Rotor Design, Excess Torque, Excessive Torque
expression of, Values
fluctuations in, Rotor Design
motor overloading and, Excess Torque
stepper motors and, Excessive Torque
total harmonic distortion (THD), Variants
tracks, How It Works
transformer-based power supplies, Linear Regulated Power Supply
transient response, Transient Response
transient suppressors, Back-EMF Suppression
transient voltage suppressor (TVS), Transient Voltage Suppressor (TVS)
transients, Linear Regulated Power Supply
transistors, Current Limiting with a Transistor, bipolar transistor
(see also bipolar transistors)
resistors and, Current Limiting with a Transistor
transit time, Values
TrenchMOS, Trench MOS
triggering voltage, How It Works
trimmer capacitors, What It Does, Failure to Ground Trimmer Capacitor While Adjusting it
trimmer potentiometers, What It Does, Trimmer Potentiometer, What It Does
Trimpots, What It Does (see trimmer potentiometers)
trip current, Resettable Fuses
tripped fuses, What It Does
true sinewave inverters, Variants
tuning capacitors, What It Does
tunnel diodes, What It Does, Tunnel Diode, Gunn Diode, PIN Diode
turn rate, Values
TVS, Transient Voltage Suppressor (TVS) (see transient voltage suppressor)
two-contact pushbuttons, What It Does
two-pole switches, How It Works
two-way switches, How It Works

U

UJT, unijunction transistor (see unijunction transistor)
unijunction transistor (UJT), unijunction transistorOverload, What It Does, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, How to Use it, Name Confusion, Incorrect Bias
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Name Confusion
schematic symbol for, What It Does
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it, Incorrect Bias
values for, Values
uninterruptible power supplies, Rechargeable Batteries
unipolar motors, Permanent Magnet Stepper Motors, Unipolar Motors
universal motors, Universal Motor
universal stepper motors, Bifilar (see bifilar motors)
unloaded speed, Values

V

V-channel MOSFET (VMOS FET), V-Channel MOSFET
VA, Values (see volts times amps)
vacuum tubes, diode, What It Does
valley voltage, How It Works
value coding, Value Coding, Wrong Values
resistors, Value Coding
valve-regulated lead-acid batteries (VRLA), Rechargeable Batteries
vandal resistant switches, Vandal Resistant Switch
varactor diodes, What It Does, Varactor Diode
variable capacitors, variable capacitorLack of Shielding, variable capacitor, What It Does, How It Works, Variants, Values, How to Use it, Failure to Ground Trimmer Capacitor While Adjusting it
(see also capacitors)
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
possible problems, Failure to Ground Trimmer Capacitor While Adjusting it
types of, Variants
use of, How to Use it
values for, Values
variable condensers, variable capacitor (see variable capacitors)
variable frequency power supplies, Variable Frequency Drive
variable inductors, Variable Inductors
variable reluctance, Reluctance Stepper Motors
variable resistors, What It Does
variable transformers, Variable Transformer
variacs, Variable Transformer (see variable transformers)
varicaps, Varactor Diode (see varactor diodes)
Vc, Stability (see voltage coefficient)
Very Low Dropout voltage regulators, Quasi-Low-Dropout Linear Regulators
vibration, Environmental Hazards, Vibration, Resonance
capacitors and, Vibration
damping of, Resonance
relays and, Environmental Hazards
Voc, Voltage (see open circuit voltage)
voltage, Voltage, Taps, Inaccurate Voltage Output with Low Load, Inaccurate Delivered Voltage, Undervoltage or Voltage Imbalance, Voltage Selection, DC Voltage Regulation and Noise Suppression, Voltage Sensing
automatic selection of, Voltage Selection
imbalance in AC motors, Undervoltage or Voltage Imbalance
inaccurate in converters, Inaccurate Voltage Output with Low Load
inaccurate in voltage regulators, Inaccurate Delivered Voltage
multiple outputs, Taps
regulation with diodes, DC Voltage Regulation and Noise Suppression
sensing with diodes, Voltage Sensing
voltage amplifiers, What It Does
voltage coefficient (Vc), Stability
voltage dividers, How to Use it, How to Use it, What It Does, Voltage Divider, How It Works, How It Works
voltage multipliers, Voltage Multiplier
voltage overload, Voltage Overload, Excessive Current or Voltage
bipolar transistors and, Excessive Current or Voltage
capacitors and, Voltage Overload
voltage rating, Values
voltage regulators, voltage regulatorInaccurate Delivered Voltage, What It Does, How It Works, Packaging, Values, How to Use it, Inadequate Heat Management, Inaccurate Delivered Voltage
design of, How It Works
function of, What It Does
potential problems, Inadequate Heat Management
types of, Packaging
use of, How to Use it, Inaccurate Delivered Voltage
values for, Values
voltage spikes, How to Use it, What It Does
protection against, How to Use it, What It Does
voltage-controlled resistors, JFET Behavior
volts times amps, Values
VRLA, Rechargeable Batteries (see valve-regulated lead-acid batteries)

W

wall-warts, AC-DC power supply
windings, DC Through a Coil, What It Does
wipers, How It Works, Variable Transformer
wire lead terminals, Termination
wire-wound resistors, Variants
wound-rotor AC induction motors, Wound-Rotor AC Induction Motor
wye configuration, Coil Configurations

Y

Y configuration, Coil Configurations
yokes, How to Use it